What are the 10 key areas of tension between the US and Russia?

The Kremlin has described the state of US-Russia relations as “quite lamentable” on the eve of a video call between President Vladimir Putin and his US counterpart Joe Biden when the two will discuss tensions around Ukraine on Tuesday.

US officials have in the last month pointed to unusual Russian troop movements near Ukraine and raised concerns over what they say is a possible Russian invasion, something Moscow has dismissed as fear-mongering.

Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said on Monday what Russia regards as NATO’s creeping expansion towards its borders and long-term security guarantees, which Putin has said Moscow needs from the West, would be in focus during the call.

Putin has said he wants legally-binding guarantees that NATO will not expand further eastwards and a pledge that certain types of weapons will not be deployed in countries close to Russia, including Ukraine.

Putin is expected to raise the possibility of holding another US-Russia summit with Biden too. The two men last met at a summit in June in Geneva.

“They will need to discuss how the understandings they reached in Geneva are being implemented, to review what is being fully implemented, and what needs extra work,” Peskov told reporters.

“Of course it [the agenda] is bilateral relations, which remain in quite a lamentable state. And then it’s the questions that loom large on the agenda. Primarily tension around Ukraine, the theme of NATO advancement towards our borders, and President Putin’s initiative about security guarantees.”

Here are 10 areas of tension between the two world powers:

Ukraine and possible Western sanctions

The United States has warned Russia it will face “severe costs” including high-impact economic sanctions if it invades Ukraine, which says more than 94,000 Russian soldiers have gathered within reach of its border. Washington has urged a return to accords signed in Minsk in 2014 and 2015 that were designed to end a war between Ukrainian government forces and Russian-backed separatists in the east of Ukraine that has now dragged on for seven years.

Russia’s demands from NATO

Russia says its troop deployments are a response to aggressive behaviour by NATO and Ukraine, including US strategic bomber flights and warship manoeuvres in the Black Sea. It is demanding legally binding security guarantees from the West that NATO will not expand further eastwards – which would prevent Ukraine from becoming a member – or deploy missiles in Ukraine that would target Russia. The US says no country can veto Ukraine’s NATO aspirations.

Belarus

The US has accused Russia’s ally Belarus of “weaponising” migrants from the Middle East by encouraging thousands of them to try to enter the European Union from its territory, creating a crisis for the EU. Russia has backed Belarus leader Alexander Lukashenko, including by sending nuclear-capable warplanes to patrol Belarusian airspace.

Energy

The US has said Russia could and should do more to ease an energy crunch in Europe by increasing gas supplies, and warned it not to use energy as a political weapon, particularly against Ukraine. It has imposed sanctions against Russian entities involved in Nord Stream 2, a newly built gas pipeline under the Baltic Sea. Nord Stream 2 is awaiting approval from a German regulator before Russia can start pumping gas through it, so would be potentially vulnerable to further Western sanctions if the Ukraine crisis escalated.

Embassies dispute

Russia and the US have shrunk the size of each other’s embassies in a series of tit-for-tat moves. Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov suggested on December 2 that this was one area where the two countries could seek to draw a line and start afresh by removing limits on representation.

Cyberattacks

The US has accused hackers working for the Russian government or from Russian territory of mounting cyberattacks against US political parties, companies and critical infrastructure. Russia denies carrying out or tolerating cyberattacks. Biden raised the issue with Putin in June and listed 16 critical areas he said should be “off-limits” to cyberattacks, but the two sides have not publicly signalled any progress on the issue since then.

Arms control

Soon after Biden took office, the two countries extended a key agreement limiting the size of their strategic nuclear arsenals. In Geneva they promised “to lay the groundwork for future arms control and risk reduction measures” and Biden said it would take six months to a year to find out whether a meaningful strategic dialogue was possible. So far there have been no obvious signs of progress.

Navalny

Washington has criticised the imprisonment of Alexey Navalny, Putin’s most prominent political opponent, and may restate its concerns over human rights in Russia.

Jailed Americans

The US side has repeatedly raised the cases of two former marines, Trevor Reed and Paul Whelan, who have been jailed in Russia on what it regards as false charges.

Syria, foreign policy

The two countries are at odds over various issues, including Syria, where Russia intervened militarily in 2015 to prop up President Bashar al-Assad in a civil war. But US Secretary of State Antony Blinken said last week there were also areas where they could work together, despite their tensions. He mentioned international efforts to stop Iran from acquiring nuclear weapons, and the peace process between former Soviet republics Armenia and Azerbaijan, in which Moscow has taken the leading role.