Killings trigger fear, memory of dark past among Kashmiri Hindus

Widespread unease among disputed region’s Hindu minority, locally known as Pandits, following a spate of targeted attacks.

Sanjay Tickoo, a leader of the local Hindu community, talks to the Associated Press in Srinagar [Mukhtar Khan/AP]

A Kashmiri Hindu activist was listening to religious hymns on his cellphone when he was interrupted by a tragic WhatsApp message. It brought news of a fatal shooting of a prominent chemist from his community, just a few miles from the activist’s home in Srinagar, the largest city in Indian-administered Kashmir.

Sanjay Tickoo, 54, anxiously bolted the gate of his house and gathered his family in the dining room. His phone kept buzzing with calls from frightened minority community members.

Within two hours of the killing of Makhan Lal Bindroo on October 5, assailants shot and killed another Hindu man, a street vendor from India’s eastern state of Bihar, and in a separate shooting, a native Muslim taxi driver.

Two days later, two teachers – one Hindu and one Sikh – were shot inside a school on the outskirts of Srinagar.

The spate of killings has led to widespread unease, particularly among Indian-administered Kashmir’s religious minority Hindus, locally known as Pandits, an estimated 200,000 of whom fled the region after an anti-India rebellion erupted in 1989.

‘Never felt as insecure’

Tickoo, who like the chemist and some 800 other Pandit families had chosen to stay behind to live with their Muslim neighbours, and other prominent Hindus were swiftly relocated to secured accommodations. He was later moved to a fortified Hindu temple guarded by paramilitary soldiers in downtown Srinagar, the urban heartland of anti-India sentiment.

“I have seen death and destruction from close quarters. But I have never felt as insecure, as fearful all my life,” Tickoo said. “The killings spread panic faster than the virus.”

The chemist Bindroo’s killing was the first in 18 years of a local Hindu from this tiny community, whose people chose not to migrate from the strife-torn region.

Kashmir pandit killed
Relatives mourn the death of Makhan Lal Bindroo, a Kashmiri Hindu businessman, during his funeral in Srinagar [Danish Ismail/Reuters]

Fearing more such attacks, authorities offered leave to nearly 4,000 Hindu employees who had returned to the region after 2010 as part of a government resettlement plan that provided them jobs and housing.

Tickoo again chose to stay, but nearly 1,800 Hindu employees left the Kashmir Valley after the killings. It brought back memories of the 1990s, which saw the flight of most local Hindus to the region’s Jammu plains and to other parts of Hindu-majority India amid a spate of killings on the community.

The killings seem to have “triggered memory that resonates with earlier history and mass displacement of Pandits,” said Ankur Datta, who studied Pandit migrant camps for his doctoral research and now teaches anthropology at the South Asian University in New Delhi.

The recent killings have been widely condemned by pro- and anti-India Kashmiri politicians. In a sweeping crackdown, government forces questioned more than 1,000 people in an attempt to stem more violence.

Police blamed rebel group The Resistance Front, or TRF, for the killings. The region’s top police officer Dilbag Singh described the attacks as a “conspiracy to create terror and communal rift”.

In a statement on social media, TRF claimed the group was going after those working for Indian authorities and was not picking people based on faith. The rebel group’s statement could not be independently verified.

Despite the ongoing crackdown, the systematic killings have continued.

Assailants again shot and killed four migrant workers – three Hindus from the eastern Bihar state and a Muslim from the northern Uttar Pradesh state – in three separate attacks on Saturday and Sunday, increasing the death toll in targeted killings to 32 this year.

Indian migrant workers carrying their belongings walk towards a railway station on the outskirts of Srinagar as they leave for their home states [Dar Yasin/AP]

Those shot dead included 21 local Muslims, four local Hindus and a local Sikh, along with five non-local Hindus and one non-local Muslim, according to police records.

Siddiq Wahid, a historian and former vice-chancellor of Islamic University of Science and Technology in Kashmir, said the recent killings gained attention only in the context of sectarian concerns, even as people of all religions were killed, and noted that the subsequent debate has focused on statistics rather than the loss of lives.

“The first distorts and the second overlooks tragedy. Both represent a deep loss for Kashmir,” Wahid said.

Renewed tensions after Modi’s win

In Kashmir, Hindus lived mostly peacefully alongside Muslims for centuries in villages and towns as landowners, farmers and government officials across the Himalayan region.

A war in 1947 between India and Pakistan left the Himalayan region divided between the two countries as they gained independence from Britain. Within 10 years, however, divisions emerged as many Muslims began to mistrust the Indian rule and demanded the territory be united either under Pakistani rule or as an independent country.

When Indian-administered Kashmir turned into a battleground in the late 1980s, attacks and threats by rebels led to the departure of most Kashmiri Hindus, who identified with India’s rule over the region, many believing that the rebellion was also aimed at wiping them out. It reduced the Pandits to a tiny minority.

Most of the region’s Muslims, long resentful of Indian rule, deny that Hindus were systematically attacked, and say India moved them out in order to cast Kashmir’s freedom struggle as “Islamic extremism”.

These tensions were renewed after Prime Minister Narendra Modi came to power in 2014, and as the Indian government pursued a plan to house returning migrant Kashmiri Hindus in new townships.

Muslim leaders described such plans as a conspiracy to create communal division by separating the region’s population along religious lines, particularly after India stripped the region’s semi-autonomy in 2019 and removed inherited protections on land and jobs amid a months-long lockdown and a communication blockade.

Authorities have since passed many new laws, which critics and Kashmiris fear could change the region’s demographics.

‘Ominous signs’

These fears became more pronounced in early September when authorities launched an online portal for migrant Hindus to register complaints of distress sales and encroachments onto their properties, an overwhelming majority of which have changed hands in the last 30 years. According to official figures, 700 complaints were received in the first three weeks.

Thousands of Muslim families who bought properties from Hindus were left angered. Authorities even asked some Muslim families to vacate the properties.

“The online portal seems to be a major trigger for the killings,” said Tickoo, the activist.

Sikh community members carry the body of slain Supinder Kour, a government school teacher, during her funeral procession in Srinagar [Mukhtar Khan/AP]

Among the region’s minorities, Sikhs have lived relatively at ease with their Muslim neighbours and have emerged as the largest minority after the Hindu migration. But they too have faced systematic killings.

After the killing of 46-year-old Supinder Kour, a Sikh school principal, hundreds of angry community members carried her body in Srinagar and raised religious slogans while demanding justice. Some Muslim residents joined them.

“We don’t know who the killers are. Even if I knew, do you think I can talk freely?” said Sikh leader Jagmohan Singh Raina.

“We are caught between two guns: the guns from the state and the non-state.”

Raina said no Sikh fled after Kour’s killing but maintained that his community was shaken. He said while the state was “provoking and punishing” the region’s majority Muslims through new laws, the minorities were being “manipulated for politics”.

Tickoo and Raina said the killings were “ominous signs” for Kashmir. They asserted in similar comments that India’s changes two years ago “wounded all of us living on the ground”.

“And the wound,” Raina said, “has become a cancer now.”

Source: AP