Can the world be free of weapons?

How effective are international disarmament efforts and can they face revolutionary new technological advancements?

Anti-Nuclear Demonstration
[Front photo: Keystone-France/Gamma-Keystone via Getty Images]

For centuries, following bloody conflicts, military leaders acknowledged that some weapons were simply too awful to be used, but those same militaries generally continued to use them.

The first world war (WWI) saw the successful deployment of chemical weapons on a massive scale for the first time. The horror of millions of dead soldiers, in trenches and on battlefields, shocked nations into signing in 1925 the Geneva Protocol pledging to refrain from the use of chemical and biological weapons in future wars.

Over the past century, the weapons that cause “unjustifiable” suffering in an indiscriminate and “unpredictable” manner have been subject to multilateral treaties that aim to disarm countries that possess them and control or ban the use of these weapons altogether.

While some may feel sceptical that these efforts to disarm the world are effective, and challenges to disarmament remain, the disarmament treaties serve a key role in the regulation and reduction in stockpiles, as well as in the testing and use of certain weapons in conflicts. The use of banned weapons constitutes a war crime.

Disarmament treaties over the past century

Global disarmament treaties

DateTreatyDescription
1959Antarctic TreatyA treaty that sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, establishes freedom of scientific investigation and bans military activity on that continent.
1963Partial Test Ban TreatyThe Partial Test Ban Treaty prohibited all test detonations of nuclear weapons except for those conducted underground.
1967Outer Space TreatyThe treaty provides guidelines for the exploration and use of outer space, the Moon and other celestial bodies. Parties will refrain from placing in orbit around the Earth any objects carrying nuclear weapons or any other kinds of weapons of mass destruction, install such weapons on celestial bodies, or station such weapons in outer space in any other manner.
1968Treaty of TlatelolcoA treaty to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament.
1968Nuclear-Weapon-Free ZoneA treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean.
1971Seabed TreatyA treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof.
1979Moon AgreementAn agreement stating the Moon should be used for the benefit of all states and all peoples of the international community. It also expresses a desire to prevent the Moon from becoming a source of international conflict. Bans any military use of celestial bodies, including weapon testing or as military bases.
1985Treaty of RarotongaThe treaty bans the use, testing, and possession of nuclear weapons within the borders of the “South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone”.
1995Treaty of BangkokA treaty between 10 Southeast Asian member-states under the auspices of the ASEAN: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. It obliges its members not to develop, manufacture or otherwise acquire, possess or have control over nuclear weapons.
1996Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban TreatyA treaty that bans all nuclear explosions, for both civilian and military purposes, in all environments.
1996Treaty of PelindabaThe African Nuclear Weapon Free Zone Treaty, it prohibits the research, development, manufacture, stockpiling, acquisition, testing, possession, control or stationing of nuclear explosive devices in the territory of parties to the Treaty and the dumping of radioactive wastes in the African zone by Treaty parties.
2005Nuclear Terrorism ConventionA United Nations treaty designed to criminalise acts of nuclear “terrorism” and to promote police and judicial cooperation to prevent, investigate and punish those acts.
2006Treaty on a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in Central AsiaThe treat is a legally binding commitment by Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan not to manufacture, acquire, test or possess nuclear weapons.
2017Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear WeaponsAt treaty that provides for a time-bound framework for negotiations leading to the verified and irreversible elimination of its nuclear weapons programme for signatory states.
DateTreatyDescription
1919Treaty of VersaillesContains provisions banning the use of poison gas.
1993Chemical Weapons ConventionThe Convention of the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction.
DateTreatyDescription
1972The Biological Weapons ConventionThe Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction.
DateTreatyDescription
1980Convention on Certain Conventional WeaponsA convention that prohibits or restrict the use of certain conventional weapons which are considered excessively injurious or whose effects are indiscriminate.
1990Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in EuropeA treaty that established comprehensive limits on key categories of conventional military equipment in Europe (from the Atlantic to the Urals) and mandated the destruction of excess weaponry.
1997Anti-Personnel Mine Ban ConventionConvention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction, an international agreement that bans antipersonnel landmines.
1997Inter-American Convention on FirearmsA convention that establishes a regional standard for the control of the illicit manufacturing and trafficking in firearms.
1999Inter-American Convention on TransparencyA convention that establishes voluntary annual reporting by member-states on their arms imports, exports, and procurement through national production of any of seven categories of weapons – battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles, large-calibre artillery, combat aircraft, attack helicopters, warships, and missiles and missile launchers.
2008Convention on Cluster MunitionsAn international treaty that prohibits the use, transfer, and stockpiling of cluster bombs – a type of explosive weapon which scatters submunitions (“bomblets”) over an area.
2010Kinshasa ConventionThe Central African Convention for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, their Ammunition, Parts and Components that can be used for their Manufacture, Repair or Assembly.
2013Arms Trade TreatyA multilateral treaty that regulates the international trade of conventional weapons for the purpose of contributing to international and regional peace; reducing human suffering; and promoting cooperation, transparency, and responsible action by and among states.
DateTreatyDescription
18991st Peace Conference at the HagueA series of treaties, including the Prohibition of the Discharge of Projectiles and Explosives from Balloons or by Other New Analogous Methods; Prohibition of the Use of Projectiles with the Sole Object to Spread Asphyxiating Poisonous Gases; Prohibition of the Use of Bullets which can Easily Expand or Change their Form inside the Human Body.
19072nd Peace Conference at the HagueA series of treaties, including: Convention relative to the Laying of Automatic Submarine Contact Mines; Concerning the Prohibition of the Use of Projectiles with the Sole Object to Spread Asphyxiating Poisonous Gases; Declaration Prohibiting the Discharge of Projectiles and Explosives from Balloons.
1925Geneva ProtocolThe Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare.
1976Environmental Modification ConventionA convention prohibiting the military or other hostile use of environmental modification techniques having widespread, long-lasting or severe effects – includes any technique for changing – through the deliberate manipulation of natural processes – the dynamics, composition or structure of the Earth, including its biota, lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere, or of outer space.

2017 UN Disarmament Week

From October 24-30, the United Nations observes Disarmament Week. During this period, member-states are invited to “highlight the danger of the arms race, propagate the need for its cessation and increase public understanding of the urgent tasks of disarmament”. These efforts include the regulation and banning of weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), including nuclear, chemical and biological weapons, as well as conventional weapons (CW) such as laser weapons – both incendiary and blinding, landmines and certain types of munitions, among others.

The following five cases demonstrate the role international treaties play and how effectively they regulate the use and production of these weapons.

Biological weapons (WMD)

Biological weapons have not been used by states during conflict since World War I, after the Geneva Protocol was signed in 1925. The 1972 Biological Weapons Convention further solidified state commitment to their prohibition in war. However, because the treaty does not provide any monitoring or verification mechanisms, many countries continue research and stockpiling activities. Biological toxins used for weapons include bacteria, viruses and fungi. Notorious historical examples of toxins used in times of war include: plague, smallpox, faeces, anthrax and cholera, among others.

Biological weapons

DateEventDescription
Pre-19th centuryWarsUsed globally to cause injury and weaken enemies through contaminated water, poisoned bullets, intentional spreading of disease such as smallpox and plague among others.
1914-1918World War IGermany used bio-agents to sabotage the enemies by spreading anthrax through animals.
1925TreatyGeneva Protocol banned use of chemical and biological toxins in war.
1939-1945World War IINo combat use. Japan experimented biological weapons on prisoners, killing about 3,000 people. Nazis also conducted such experiments in Germany.
1972TreatyBiological Weapons Convention bans the use, production and posession of biological weapons.
1945-presentResearch and DevelopmentNo combat use since WWI, but most countries are believed to possess and continue stockpiling biological weapons.

Chemical weapons (WMD)

After the World War I massacres and the consequent signing of the Geneva Protocol, warring factions became hesitant and did not use chemical weapons on battlefields during the second world war (WWII). Nazis did, however, use them to murder millions of Jews in gas chambers. Chemical weapons have been used in many conflicts thereafter. The 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention implemented verification mechanisms that have seen through the voluntary destruction of 93 percent of the global stockpiles by signatory states. Furthermore, as using chemical weapons is a war crime, factions that resort to using them, do so in secret and deny having done so.

Chemical weapons

DateEventDescription
1914-1918World War I190,000 tonnes produced by all parties involved in the war. Casualties: 1.2 million wounded, 100,000 dead.
1925TreatyGeneva Protocol banned use of chemical and biological toxins in war.
1935-1936Second Italo-Ethiopian WarUsed by Italian forces against Ethiopians. Casualties: 15,000 people killed or injured.
1939-1945World War IITonnes of weapons produced and stockpiles increased by all parties participant in war, yet no combat or battlefield uses. However, Nazi forces used chemical poisons in gas chambers to murder millions of Jews and other peoples.
1965-1975Vietnam War73 million litres of chemical agents were used during the war. Most notably the US used Agent Orange against the Vietnamese. Casualties ranged from 2.1 to 4.8 million people, spanning decades after the war; environmental damage spanning 31,000sq km.
1980-1988Iran-Iraq WarUsed by Iraqi forces, with casualties of upto 100,000 Iranians. In the Halabja Kurdish village attack, between 3,200 and 5,000 people were killed, and between 7,000 and 10,000 were injured.
1993TreatyChemical Weapons Convention signed.
2011-presentSyrian civil warUsed by Syrian government on rebels and civilians. Hundreds of casualties reported over various incidents.

Nuclear weapons (WMD)

Nuclear weapons were only used in wartime once, when the US bombed the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II. A nuclear arms race followed, during the Cold War period between Western and Eastern bloc countries, mainly the US and USSR, during which there was an exponential growth in testing and stockpiling of nuclear weapons. The numerous treaties signed in this period have ended nearly all testing, and stockpiles have been reduced from over 60,000 in 1985 to about 15,000 currently, with a commitment to reduce this number to about 7,000 by 2022 by signatory countries. 

The International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) was awarded the 2017 Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of their work to this end. 

Nuclear weapons

Anti-personnel landmines (CW)

Landmines that target people have been used throughout history, but most widely during World War II. They cause death and crippling injuries to civilian populations long after conflicts have been settled. The 1997 Mine Ban Treaty, or Ottawa Treaty, set to eliminate the production and use of landmines. Since the implementation of the treaty, 159 signatory states have declared they have no stockpiles, having destroyed a combined 51 million mines. Post-conflict demining is an ongoing challenge for many of the most heavily mined countries, including Bosnia, Cambodia, Afghanistan, Myanmar and Egypt, as is the continued use of mines by non-signatory states.

The International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) was awarded the 1997 Nobel Peace Prize “for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines”.

Although stockpiles of traditional landmines have decreased, deaths and injuries have increased in recent years, due to the increased use of improvised explosive devices by non-state groups. 

Cluster munitions (CW)

Cluster munitions, which eject small bomblets over a wide area after being released, were first used by the Soviet Union during World War II and have been used in nearly every bombardment campaign since. Civilians constitute 98 percent of casualties, falling victim both to the wide swaths of damage in the target area during an attack and to unexploded remnants – bomblets that land, but do not detonate – in the aftermath of the attack. While 108 countries have signed the 2008 Convention on Cluster Munitions, about half the world, including Saudi Arabia and Syria, have not and continue using them in current wars.

Cluster munition bombs

DateEventDescription
1939-1945World War IFirst major use of cluster munitions in Butterfly Bombs used by Germany.
1965-1975Vietnam WarUS dropped about 800,000 bombs containing 383 million submunitions on Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia.
1999First Gulf WarUS and allies dropped 61,000 bombs with 20 million submunitions on Iraq and Kuwait.
2001-2002Afghanistan WarUS dropped 1,228 cluster bombs containing 248,056 submunitions on Afghanistan.
2006Israel-Lebanon WarIsrael used up to four million submunitions in Lebanon.
2010TreatyConvention on Cluster Munitions signed.
2011-presentSyrian civil warSyrian government and Russian forces have regularly used cluster munitions in Syria.
2015-presentYemen WarSaudi-led coalition has repeatedly used cluster bombs in Yemen.

Future disarmament challenges, malicious application of innovative technology

Technological advancements with potential for malicious use pose new challenges for disarmament efforts. The challenge is further complicated by the fact that many innovations are spearheaded by private sector entities, rather than states, which makes regulation and enforcement through a system of state membership-based organisations difficult. New innovations with potential for malicious application include cyberattacks, lethal autonomous weapons systems, unmanned aerial vehicles (drones), synthetic biotechnology (genetic engineering), satellite technology and artificial intelligence.

Modern warfare weapons

Source: Al Jazeera

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