Kristian Coates Ulrichsen

In the past 20 years, it was not 9/11 that shook the close ties between Washington and Riyadh.

For now, it seems bilateral reconciliation efforts in the GCC are proceeding, albeit at various speeds.

The blockade on Qatar may have a lasting impact beyond the Al-Ula declaration.

The WTO ruling in favour of Qatar’s claims against Saudi Arabia could push forward efforts for a reconciliation.

Despite the US-Iran escalation, there seem to be more opportunities for engagement in the Gulf than a year ago.

The end of World War I marked the beginning of a major transformation in Turkey and the Middle East.