More than a thousand unarmed protesters demanded the removal of a US military base in Baghdad's Sadr City on Friday in the first sign of Shia opposition to a new security plan.
A large crowd of Shia-led worshippers unfurled banners demanding the base be abandoned while chanting: "No, no to America. No, no to Israel. No, no to Satan."
There have been fears that US and Iraqi forces would face violent opposition as they tried to gain control of the vast Sadr City district- a stronghold of the Moqtada al-Sadr's al-Mahdi armed fighters.
Instead, al-Sadr's black-clad fighters melted away as the plan went into effect last month.
Al-Sadr message
Sadr himself was not present - the US military believes he has gone to ground in Iraq's Shia neighbour Iran - but supporters carried his portrait and read out a statement he had apparently sent to them.
"Don't surrender to them. You are their betters," he added.
"The occupiers wanted to distort the reputation of the city and issued propaganda saying there are talks and co-operation between you and them. I am confident that you regard them as your enemy," he said.
More than 90,000 Iraqi and US troops have been deployed around Baghdad as part of Operation Fardh al-Qanoon (Imposing Law), an ambitious plan to regain control of the city and quell sectarian violence between Sunnis and Shia.
Since it was formally launched one month ago there has been little of the anticipated resistance and the city's murder rate is down sharply, although Sunni fighters have continued to detonate car bombs almost daily.
It was last week that troops and police taking part in the operation were able to set up a "joint security station" in Sadr City.
On Thursday, however, one of Sadr City's two mayors who negotiated with the Americans and welcomed the creation of the fortified base was shot and wounded by unidentified gunmen, who killed a police colonel traveling with him.
The protest and the shooting of mayor Rakim al-Darraji will be of concern to both the US military and the beleaguered Shia-led government headed by Nuri al-Maliki, the Iraqi prime minister, which have been pleased by the lack of violence in Sadr City.