Nato has called on Russia to revoke a newly-signed deal to establish a military base in the breakaway Georgian region of Abkhazia.
Sergei Bagapsh, Abkhazia's leader, signed the agreement with Dmitry Medvedev, the Russian president, at the Kremlin on Wednesday.
The move will strengthen Abkhazia's dependence on Moscow and builds on previous agreements allowing Russia to maintain thousands of troops and border guards in the region.
But the pact was quickly denounced as "invalid" by Nato which said the deal violates the ceasefire pact between Georgia and Russia after their 2008 war.
"The North Atlantic Council has condemned the decision by the Russian Federation to recognise the Georgian regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia and calls on it to revoke this decision," alliance spokeswoman Carmen Romero said.
Nato "continues to call on Russia to respect its engagements under the (2008) ceasefire accord concluded under EU mediation," she added.
Russia recognised the Black Sea territory in August 2008 after crushing an assault by US-ally Georgia on the other pro-Russian breakaway region of South Ossetia in a five-day war.
Sovereignty
According to Russia's RIA-Novosti state news agency the agreement allows Russian forces "to defend the sovereignty and safety of the republic jointly with the armed forces of Abkhazia".
It will be in force for 49 years and determines the legal status of Russian personnel and base property.
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"Since the Russian aggression in 2008, Abkhazia and South Ossetia have become one big military base for Russia"
David Bakradze, Georgia's parliamentary speaker
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"The agreement on Wednesday will allow for one, united military base on Abkhaz territory, for Russian land troops," Garri Kupalba, the separatist region's deputy defence minister, said.
Kupalba said the new base, which would link several points across Abkhazia and accommodate at least 3,000 soldiers, including units from Russia's FSB security services, would be built "sometime in the near future".
Medvedev, who sat alongside Bagapsh at the signing ceremony, lashed out at Mikheil Saakashvili, the Georgian president.
"I will not personally have any dealings with the current president of Georgia. For Russia, he is persona non grata," Medvedev said.
Moscow has said 1,700 Russian troops are stationed in Abkhazia, but this does not include hundreds more border guards who answer to Russia's FSB security service rather than the military.
Base 'illegal'
The European Union and Nato have repeatedly expressed concern that a Moscow-led military build-up in Abkhazia threatens Georgia's territorial integrity.
It is also watched with unease by Western powers for its proximity to crucial energy routes which flow to the EU.
Georgia denounced the new plans for a land base as illegal.
"Abkhazia and South Ossetia are Georgian territories, and the deployment of foreign troops on the territory of another country is called an occupation," said David Bakradze, the country's parliamentary speaker.
"Since the Russian aggression in 2008, Abkhazia and South Ossetia have become one big military base for Russia."
Naval base
Maxim Gvindzia, Abkhazia's deputy foreign minister, said the troops for the new base are already stationed in the region.
Tbilisi accuses Russia of effectively annexing Abkhazia and South Ossetia, which broke away from Georgia in bloody separatist wars in the early 1990s.
Since Moscow recognised them as independent, only Venezuela, Nicaragua and the tiny island state of Nauru have followed suit.
Bagapsh, who was re-elected in December in a vote officially ignored by the West, is criticised by some Abkhaz for handing too much influence to former Soviet master Russia, on which Abkhazia depends for passports, pensions and half its budget.
In April 2009, Russia formally took control over the de-facto borders of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, provoking condemnation from Western powers.
Moscow also plans to build a naval base in Ochamchire on Abkhazia's northern coast.