The US president has pressed congress to expand the government's domestic spying powers permanently to prevent attacks by "enemies".
But critics say George Bush is riding rough-shod over civil liberties. Already, a Muslim group in California is suing the FBI to find out under what criteria their members are being spied on.
The Democratic-led congress in August temporarily expanded the Bush administration's authority to monitor phone calls, emails and other electronic communications between individuals in the US and overseas terror suspects without obtaining a traditional court's approval.
Bush said the 1978 law on surveillance was "dangerously out of date" and unable to deal with evolving technology such as disposable cell phones and the internet.
The law must be changed to give intelligence agencies the tools needed to prevent attacks on American soil, he said.
"Without these tools it'll be harder to figure out what our enemies are doing to train, recruit and infiltrate operatives into America," Bush said during a visit to the National Security Agency, which conducts surveillance of electronic communications on targets around the world.
"Without these tools, our country will be much more vulnerable to attack."
The expanded powers expire in February and many Democrats in congress are wary of making them permanent, saying the Bush administration had abused their trust by not properly informing them of its eavesdropping activities.
They want more safeguards in any future legislation.
The debate is expected to surface in the confirmation hearings of Michael Mukasey, the retired federal judge who was nominated by Bush this week to replace Alberto Gonzales as attorney-general.